Dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation. It is the most common complaint of gynecologic patients. Most women experience a mild discomfort during menstruation. […]

Dizziness is a nonspecific term and includes true vertigo, light-headedness, unsteadiness, and loss of balance. It is the sensation that […]

Diarrhea is frequent loose or watery bowel movements. It is also defined as stool  weight > 200 g/day. Diarrhea is classified into acute (less than […]

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder. It is characterized by impaired  metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, resulting […]

Depression is a medical condition characterized by depressed mood (such as feelings of sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, low self-esteem, and excessive guilt), […]

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease affecting mainly respiratory and gastrointestinal  systems. The disease is because of a mutation in […]

See “Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)”.      

Cramps are sudden and involuntary contractions of a muscle. Cramps are most commonly  seen in the leg muscles, especially in […]

Cough is a normal defense mechanism of the respiratory system and it is an explosive,  sudden expiratory maneuver to clear […]

Constipation is a common complaint and refers to a difficult or infrequent passage  of stool, hardness of stool, or a sense […]